Remedial strategies for abating 1,4-dioxane pollution-special emphasis on diverse biotechnological interventions

1,4-dioxane is a heterocyclic ether used as a polar industrial solvent and are released as waste discharges. 1,4-dioxane deteriorates health and quality, thereby attracts concern by the environment technologists. The need of attaining sustainable development goals have resulted in search of an eco-friendly and technically viable treatment strategy. This extensive review is aimed to emphasis on the (a) characteristics of 1,4-dioxane and their occurrence in the environment as well as their toxicity, (b) remedial strategies, such as physico-chemical treatment and advanced oxidation techniques. Special reference to bioremediation that involves diverse microbial strains and their mechanism are highlighted in this review. The role of macronutrients, stimulants and other abiotic cofactors in the biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane is discussed lucidly. We have critically discussed the inducible enzymes, enzyme-based remediation, distinct instrumental method of analyses to know the fate of intermediates produced from 1,4-dioxane biotransformation. This comprehensive survey also tries to put forth the different toxicity assessment tools used in evaluating the extent of detoxification of 1,4-dioxane achieved through biotransforming mechanism. Conclusively, the challenges, opportunities, techno-economic feasibility and future prospects of implementing 1,4-dioxane through biotechnological interventions are also discussed.