Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 2, 2025
Author Spotlight: Integrating Mechanical and Biological Analysis in Tendinopathy Research
Published on: March 1, 2024
Data driven model of midportion achilles tendinopathy health created with factor analysis
Haraldur B Sigurðsson1,2, Christian Couppé3, Karin Grävare Silbernagel4
1Delaware Tendon Research Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, Delaware, 19713, USA.
Background:
Achilles tendinopathy is a complex injury and the clinical presentation spans multiple different domains: physical and psychological symptoms, lower extremity function and tendon structure. A conceptual model of Achilles tendon health comprising these domains has been proposed in the literature. The aim of the study was to fit a model of Achilles tendinopathy using factor analysis and compare that to the conceptual model. An inclusive approach using a wide range of variables spanning multiple potential domains were included.
Methods:
Participants (N = 99) with midportion Achilles tendinopathy were assessed with variables representing symptoms, physical function, tendon structure, metabolic syndrome, and psychologic symptoms. A Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin index was used to determine suitable variables for a subsequent exploratory factor analysis.
Results:
A model emerged with an acceptable fit to the data (standardized root mean square of residuals = 0.078). Five uncorrelated factors emerged from the model and were labelled as biopsychosocial, lower extremity function, body size, load tolerance, and tendon structure. The total explained variance was 0.51 with the five factors explaining 0.14, 0.12, 0.10, 0.08, and 0.07 respectively. The results differed from the conceptual model as the factors of psychological variables and metabolic variables did not emerge from the analysis.
Conclusion:
A data driven model of Achilles tendon health supports assessment of the clinical presentation over multiple domains. As the factors are uncorrelated, the results of assessment of, for example, tendon structure should not be expected to be associated with lower extremity function or biopsychosocial limitations. The results suggest that the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, counter-movement jump height, body mass index, pain with hopping, and the tendon cross-sectional area can evaluate the five factors, respectively.
Trial Registration:
Registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Medicine NL of.
Clinicaltrials:
gov [Internet], 2018), ID number NCT03523325.
