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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Proteotypic Differences of Follicular-Patterned Thyroid Neoplasms.

Dongdong Huang1, Huifang Zhang1, Lu Li2,3,4,5

  • 1The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing follicular-patterned thyroid tumors like follicular thyroid adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FvPTC) is difficult. Proteomic analysis identified ANXA1 as a key biomarker to distinguish FvPTC from FA and FTC.

Keywords:
data-independent acquisitionfollicular thyroid adenomafollicular thyroid carcinomafollicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomamass spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Distinguishing between follicular thyroid adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FvPTC) presents diagnostic challenges.
  • Accurate differentiation is crucial for appropriate patient management and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proteomic differences among FA, FTC, and FvPTC using mass spectrometry.
  • To identify potential protein biomarkers for differentiating these follicular-patterned thyroid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis using pressure cycling technology (PCT)-data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry on 52 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) thyroid tumor specimens.
  • Validation of potential biomarkers through immunohistochemical (IHC) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry analyses.

Main Results:

  • A total of 4107 proteins were quantified, revealing significant protein alterations between tumor types.
  • While 287 proteins differed between FTC and FA, and 303 between FvPTC and FA, only 23 proteins distinguished FTC from FvPTC.
  • Annexin A1 (ANXA1) expression, validated by IHC and PRM-MS, effectively differentiated FvPTC from both FA and FTC.

Conclusions:

  • Proteomic profiling can identify molecular differences among follicular-patterned thyroid tumors.
  • ANXA1 is a promising biomarker for distinguishing follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma from follicular thyroid adenoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma.