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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

14
Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
14
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

25
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:22

Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management

22
Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium requiring meticulous nursing management for optimal patient outcomes. Effective management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, paying close attention to past infections, autoimmune disorders, travel history, and exposure to toxins or drugs. Recent viral infections and systemic diseases are particularly relevant due to their potential role in triggering myocarditis.Physical Examination and MonitoringThe...
22
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

650
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
650
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

20
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
20
Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

23
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Assessment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Associated Toxicities Using an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model
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Multi-organ Immune-Related Adverse Event Is a Risk Factor of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis in

Xiaohong Xie1, Liqiang Wang1,2, Yingqing Li3

  • 1Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis frequently involves multiple organs, leading to severe heart failure and poor prognosis. Early corticosteroid treatment is crucial, and severe heart failure is an independent risk factor for survival.

Keywords:
immune checkpoint inhibitorsimmune-related adverse eventsmulti-organ irAEsmyocarditisprognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis is a severe immune-related adverse event (irAE).
  • Multi-organ irAEs in ICI myocarditis are not well-understood.
  • This study investigates the clinical impact of multi-organ irAEs in ICI myocarditis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of ICI-associated myocarditis with multi-organ irAEs.
  • To identify risk factors and survival predictors in these patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study analyzing data from 46 ICI myocarditis patients across 6 Chinese hospitals.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and overall survival (OS).
  • Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.

Main Results:

  • Multi-organ irAEs occurred in 65.2% of patients, often associated with severe heart failure.
  • Severe myocarditis (grade 3-4) was observed in 69.6% of patients.
  • Heart failure (grade 3-4) was identified as an independent risk factor for OS (HR: 6.655, p=0.011). Thymoma was a risk factor for multi-organ involvement.

Conclusions:

  • ICI-associated myocarditis with multi-organ irAEs has a high incidence of severe myocarditis, mortality, and poor prognosis.
  • Early corticosteroid intervention benefits patients.
  • Severe heart failure is a critical independent predictor of survival in ICI myocarditis.