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Related Concept Videos

Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
570
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
2.7K
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
149

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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Point of Care Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Ultrasound of the Middle Cerebral Artery
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Point of Care Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Ultrasound of the Middle Cerebral Artery

Published on: August 9, 2024

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[Reflex syncope-or more? : Ictal asystole!]

Thorleif Etgen1,2, Hans-Ruprecht Neuberger3

  • 1Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Traunstein, Cuno-Niggl-Str. 3, 83278, Traunstein, Deutschland. thorleif.etgen@kliniken-sob.de.

Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany)
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 59-year-old male experienced loss of consciousness during urination, diagnosed as ictal asystole. This rare condition links seizures with cardiac pauses, necessitating pacemaker implantation.

Keywords:
AsystoleBradycardiaEpilepsySeizureSyncope

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Reflex syncope and seizures can present with loss of consciousness.
  • Urination can trigger various autonomic responses, including syncope.

Observation:

  • A 59-year-old male experienced recurrent episodes of malaise and unconsciousness.
  • Holter ECG revealed sinus bradycardia, junctional escape rhythm, and prolonged sinus pauses.
  • An electroencephalogram (EEG) captured a focal epileptic seizure with concurrent sinus bradycardia.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with ictal asystole, a rare event linking epileptic seizures with cardiac asystole.
  • The cardiac pauses occurred during and after the epileptic seizure.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the complex interplay between neurological and cardiac events.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management, including anticonvulsant therapy and pacemaker implantation, are crucial for patients with ictal asystole.