Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

Biosynthesis of Lipids

82
Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
82
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

99
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
99
Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents01:20

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents

847
Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...
847
Lipid Catabolism01:25

Lipid Catabolism

155
Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
155
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

1.7K
Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
1.7K
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

2.6K
Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Beyond canonical asymmetric induction in phosphine organocatalysis.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Identification of key metabolic enzymes involved in the activation of obeldesivir and remdesivir to the active triphosphate metabolite.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy·2026
Same author

NUT Midline Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Systematic Review and Pooled Survival Analysis.

Head & neck·2026
Same author

Secretion of the HBV small surface antigen is driven by an ER autophagic pathway.

Hepatology communications·2026
Same author

Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of GS-4224 in Healthy Participants and Participants With Chronic Hepatitis B.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

Liposomes and lipid nanoparticles: a tutorial for advanced chemical and structural characterisation.

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

2.3K

Targeting lipid biosynthesis pathways for hepatitis B virus cure.

Anastasia Hyrina1, Dara Burdette1, Zhijuan Song1

  • 1Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America.

Plos One
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Targeting lipid metabolism pathways can reduce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in vitro. However, in vivo studies suggest combination therapies are needed to overcome compensatory lipid sources for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

More Related Videos

Identifying Inhibitors of the HBx-DDB1 Interaction Using a Split Luciferase Assay System
05:55

Identifying Inhibitors of the HBx-DDB1 Interaction Using a Split Luciferase Assay System

Published on: December 21, 2019

6.8K
Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

13.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

2.3K
Identifying Inhibitors of the HBx-DDB1 Interaction Using a Split Luciferase Assay System
05:55

Identifying Inhibitors of the HBx-DDB1 Interaction Using a Split Luciferase Assay System

Published on: December 21, 2019

6.8K
Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

13.4K

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Metabolic pathways

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is linked to high levels of non-infectious HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) particles.
  • Elevated HBsAg is associated with chronic immune dysfunction in patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of lipid metabolism in HBV infection.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of targeting lipid metabolic pathways for HBsAg reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Lipid and metabolomic analysis in humanized immunodeficient chimeric mouse livers.
  • In vitro studies using HepG2-NTCP cells infected with HBV.
  • Treatment with small molecule inhibitors targeting lipid biosynthetic enzymes (ACC, fatty acid synthase, SKI-1/S1P).
  • In vivo studies using HBV-infected liver chimeric mice treated with a liver-targeted ACC inhibitor.

Main Results:

  • HBV infection dysregulates multiple lipid metabolic pathways.
  • Inhibitors of ACC, fatty acid synthase, and SKI-1/S1P potently reduced extracellular HBsAg in vitro.
  • A liver-targeted ACC inhibitor showed no antiviral activity in vivo, despite on-target engagement.
  • In vitro HBsAg production appears dependent on hepatic de novo lipogenesis, but this can be bypassed in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatic de novo lipogenesis contributes to HBsAg production in vitro.
  • Extrahepatic lipid sources (lipolysis, diet) can compensate for hepatic inhibition in vivo.
  • Combination therapies targeting multiple lipid metabolic pathways may be required to effectively reduce HBsAg in chronic HBV infection.