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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
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Resettable sweat-powered wearable electrochromic biosensor.

Martin C Hartel1, Dongwook Lee2, Paul S Weiss3

  • 1Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a wearable sensor powered by biofuel cells (BFCs) for non-invasive sweat lactate monitoring. The device offers a reversible color change for real-time, naked-eye detection of lactate levels.

Keywords:
Biofuel cellElectrochromicEpidermal biosensorSelf-poweredSweatWearable electronics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electrochemistry
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Wearable biofuel cells (BFCs) are explored for non-invasive physiological monitoring.
  • Insufficient energy output from BFCs limits their integration with read-out systems.
  • On-body lactate monitoring is crucial for assessing metabolic status.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a reversible, fully printed electrochromic self-powered sensor (ESPS) for on-body sweat lactate monitoring.
  • To integrate a BFC with an electrochromic display for a self-powered sensing system.
  • To enable facile, naked-eye, and continuous lactate level detection.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a wearable patch integrating a lactate-oxidizable BFC anode and an oxygen-reducible BFC cathode.
  • Incorporation of a reversible Prussian blue (PB) electrochromic display.
  • Tuning the formal potential of the PB display to align with BFC electrode potentials for color change.

Main Results:

  • The developed ESPS demonstrates reversible and robust color changes.
  • Color changes exhibit distinct time- and concentration-dependent profiles for lactate.
  • The device successfully integrates BFC power generation with electrochromic readout.

Conclusions:

  • The self-powered sensor offers practical on-body applications for continuous lactate monitoring.
  • Key advantages include facile reversibility, ease of fabrication, and naked-eye colorimetric readout.
  • This technology advances wearable biosensing for real-time physiological assessment.