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Introduction to Test of Independence

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In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:

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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

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Published on: July 24, 2012

Univariate and Multivariable Analyses on Independent Predictors for Cervical Spinal Injury in Patients with Head

David Yuen Chung Chan¹, Orson Yuzhong He¹, Wai Sang Poon¹

¹Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.

World Neurosurgery

|August 4, 2022

Summary

About 11% of head-injured patients sustain cervical spine injuries. Independent risk factors include male gender, thoracic injuries, and low blood pressure upon arrival.

Keywords:

Cervical spinal injury Head injury Hypotension Spinal cord injury Thoracic injury Traumatic brain injury

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Published on: September 16, 2013

Area of Science:

Trauma Surgery
Neurosurgery
Orthopedic Spine Surgery

Background:

Cervical spinal injuries are a significant concern in patients with head trauma.
Identifying predictors of these injuries is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is used to classify injury severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify independent factors associated with cervical spinal injuries in head-injured patients.
To determine the prevalence of cervical spine injuries in this population.
To analyze predictors for cervical spinal injury in patients with significant head trauma.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 1105 head-injured patients admitted between January 2014 and December 2016.
Inclusion criteria: AIS head injury score ≥2 (intracranial hematoma or skull fracture).
Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent predictors.

Main Results:

11.2% of identified patients had cervical spinal injuries.
Independent predictors for cervical spinal injury were male gender (P=0.006), thoracic injury (P=0.010), and hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) on admission (P=0.009).

Conclusions:

Approximately 1 in 10 patients with significant head injury also have a cervical spine injury.
Male gender, thoracic injury, and hypotension are significant independent risk factors for cervical spinal injury in head-injured patients.
These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the cervical spine in head-injured patients presenting with these risk factors.