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Related Concept Videos

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation
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Whole cell response to receptor stimulation involves many deep and distributed subcellular biochemical processes.

Jens Hansen1, Mustafa M Siddiq1, Arjun Singh Yadaw1

  • 1Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|August 4, 2022
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Summary

Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation triggers neurite outgrowth through diverse, deep biochemical pathways, including metabolism and splicing. This integrated cellular response involves widespread subcellular processes for neuronal development.

Keywords:
bioinformaticsdynamical modelingneurite outgrowthsubcellular pathwaystranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Neurite outgrowth is a crucial cellular process for neuronal development.
  • The cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) plays a role in regulating neurite outgrowth.
  • Understanding the complex molecular mechanisms underlying CB1R-mediated neurite outgrowth is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the diverse subcellular processes (SCPs) and biochemical pathways involved in cannabinoid-1 receptor-mediated neurite outgrowth.
  • To build computational models integrating gene and protein expression data with pathway knowledge to uncover novel regulatory networks.
  • To experimentally validate the identified SCPs' roles in neurite outgrowth.

Main Methods:

  • Bulk transcriptomics and proteomics were performed on cells stimulated with a CB1R agonist.
  • Bioinformatic network analysis integrated expression data with prior pathway knowledge to identify interacting SCPs.
  • Experimental gene ablation was used to validate the functional significance of identified SCPs in neurite outgrowth.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse SCPs involved in neurite outgrowth, including those in pyrimidine metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, mRNA splicing, and stability.
  • Discovered both 'proximal' SCPs (e.g., microtubule dynamics, vesicle transport) directly involved in neurite extension and 'deep' SCPs (distal to signaling) contributing to the response.
  • Developed bioinformatics and dynamical models demonstrating the distributed and deep nature of CB1R-regulated subcellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • Neurite outgrowth regulation by CB1R is a distributed process, involving numerous biochemical pathways.
  • The regulation is also 'deep', extending to fundamental cellular functions distal to direct signaling pathways.
  • This study provides a comprehensive view of the integrated molecular machinery underlying receptor-mediated neuronal development.