Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders
05:34

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders

Published on: August 18, 2023

2.5K

Chronic Lung Disease of Childhood: Control of Breathing During Wake and Sleep

Brian M McGinley1, John L Carroll2

  • 1Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology
|August 5, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Infant breathing control matures rapidly but remains vulnerable in infants with chronic lung disease (CLD). These breathing impairments increase risks for infants with CLD.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Respiratory control
  • Infant development

Background:

  • Breathing control in infants is immature at birth and matures rapidly within the first year.
  • Infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) exhibit impaired breathing control, increasing vulnerability to hypoxia and asphyxia.
  • These breathing impairments are linked to higher morbidity and sudden infant death rates in CLD infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors influencing breathing control during wakefulness and sleep in infants.
  • To examine factors affecting the development of breathing control.
  • To specifically focus on the impact of chronic lung disease (CLD) on infant breathing control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on infant breathing control.
  • Analysis of factors influencing respiratory development.
  • Focus on research concerning chronic lung disease (CLD) and its effects.

Main Results:

  • Breathing control undergoes significant maturation in the first year of life.
  • Chronic lung disease (CLD) presents multiple impairments to breathing control mechanisms.
  • Vulnerability to hypoxic and asphyxic events is heightened in infants with CLD.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired breathing control in CLD infants contributes to increased health risks.
  • Understanding these impairments is crucial for managing CLD and reducing sudden infant death.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and interventions for breathing control in CLD infants.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach04:53

Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach

Published on: October 18, 2024

885
Author Spotlight: Efficacy of Auricular Pressure Bean Therapy in Reducing Wheezing Symptoms02:34

Author Spotlight: Efficacy of Auricular Pressure Bean Therapy in Reducing Wheezing Symptoms

Published on: May 10, 2024

1.1K

Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
2.4K
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
899
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
60.3K
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
1.8K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
1.4K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
2.9K