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Untypical Contrast Normalization Explains the "Weak Outnumber Strong" Numerosity Illusion.

Quan Lei1, Adam Reeves2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual perception of disk numbers is distorted by contrast. Higher contrast disks seem fewer when mixed with lower contrast ones, an illusion explained by a new model.

Keywords:
contrastcontrast-dependent numerosity illusionillusionmodelnumerosity perceptionsegregation

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Psychophysics
  • Computational modeling

Background:

  • Perceived numerosity can be influenced by item properties like contrast.
  • Previous research showed contrast affects numerosity judgments in comparative tasks.
  • The effect of contrast on absolute numerosity judgments was less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if contrast influences absolute numerosity judgments.
  • To test a model explaining the influence of contrast on perceived numerosity.
  • To quantify the relationship between disk count, contrast, and perceived numerosity.

Main Methods:

  • Participants made absolute numerosity judgments on displays of 20-80 disks with varying contrasts.
  • A luminance-difference contrast normalization (LDCN) model was developed and tested.
  • The model incorporated attention, contrast, and assimilation effects.

Main Results:

  • An illusion of reduced numerosity for high-contrast disks was observed in absolute judgments.
  • Lower-contrast disks were perceived veridically, unaffected by intermingling.
  • The LDCN model accurately predicted perceived numerosity as a function of the square-root of disk count and contrast.

Conclusions:

  • Contrast significantly impacts absolute numerosity perception, creating an illusion of fewer items for salient stimuli.
  • The LDCN model provides a mechanistic explanation for this contrast-based numerosity illusion.
  • Perceived numerosity is linearly related to the square-root of the actual number of items, modulated by contrast.