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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Enzyme Inhibition01:30

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System
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When AIE meets enzymes.

Guangfu Feng1, Sijie Liao1, Yufeng Liu1

  • 1School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China. fangjun1973@hunau.edu.cn.

The Analyst
|August 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based bio-probes offer precise enzyme imaging and analysis. These probes enable simultaneous disease diagnosis and treatment, advancing bio-medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Physiopathology research demands better understanding of micro-scale physiological events.
  • Traditional methods face limitations in enzyme imaging and analysis.
  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) offers a promising approach for bio-sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in AIE-based bio-probes for enzyme detection.
  • To explore the mechanisms and applications of AIE bio-probes in bio-medicine.
  • To identify current challenges and future directions for AIE enzyme probes.

Main Methods:

  • Summary and generalization of recently reported AIE-based bio-probes.
  • Analysis of AIE mechanisms including solubility changes, ESIPT, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • Review of applications in enzyme detection, cell identification, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • AIE bio-probes provide high signal-to-noise ratio and non-destructive enzyme imaging.
  • Enzyme-responding "light-up" fluorescence enables real-time tracking of enzyme activity.
  • AIE compounds combined with nano-encapsulation facilitate simultaneous diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • AIE-based bio-probes demonstrate significant value in bio-sensing and bio-medicine.
  • They offer high confidence and reproducibility in advanced applications.
  • Further research is needed to address existing drawbacks and promote development.