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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Human coronaviruses: Origin, host and receptor.

Guolu Tang1, Zhenwei Liu1, Dehui Chen2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
|August 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores seven human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, detailing their virology, genome, and host receptors. Understanding their evolutionary history and zoonotic origins is crucial for predicting future epidemics.

Keywords:
COVID-19Emerging coronavirusHostHuman coronavirusReceptorSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses named for their surface spikes.
  • Seven human coronaviruses (229E, OC43, SARS, NL63, HKU1, MERS, SARS-CoV-2) cause illnesses ranging from mild colds to severe epidemics.
  • Similarities in clinical presentation with other cold pathogens necessitate deeper investigation into coronavirus-specific factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the basic virology and partial genome characteristics of seven human coronaviruses.
  • To emphasize the critical role of host cell receptors in coronavirus infection.
  • To discuss the potential for zoonotic spillover from wild animal reservoirs and the evolutionary history of these viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on human coronaviruses.
  • Analysis of viral genome characteristics and receptor-binding functions.
  • Comparative study of evolutionary relationships and zoonotic origins.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the virology and genomic features of seven human coronaviruses.
  • Highlighting the specific host receptors utilized by each virus for cellular entry.
  • Summary of evidence regarding wild animal hosts and the origins of zoonotic coronaviruses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding coronavirus evolution and host-receptor interactions offers vital insights into past and future human epidemics.
  • Identifying potential animal reservoirs and zoonotic pathways is essential for pandemic preparedness.
  • Further research into these areas can inform public health strategies against emerging coronavirus threats.