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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of VSFG Microscopy in Studying Mesoscopically Heterogeneous Self-Assembled Structures
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Tutorials in vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. III. Collecting, processing, and analyzing

James D Pickering1, Mikkel Bregnhøj2, Mette H Rasmussen2

  • 1School of Chemistry, George Porter Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.

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|August 5, 2022
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Summary

This tutorial introduces vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy for newcomers. It covers VSFG data collection, processing with user-friendly software, and spectral analysis techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear Spectroscopy
  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopic Techniques

Background:

  • Vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy is a powerful surface-sensitive technique.
  • A rigorous background in optical physics or nonlinear spectroscopy is often required, posing a barrier to entry.
  • Accessible introductions are needed for researchers new to VSFG.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an accessible introduction to VSFG spectroscopy.
  • To guide researchers without extensive optical physics backgrounds in VSFG data collection and processing.
  • To offer insights into VSFG spectral analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed discussion of VSFG data collection protocols.
  • Introduction to user-friendly VSFG data processing software (sfgtools).
  • Explanation of VSFG spectral analysis, including homodyne fitting.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive guide to VSFG data handling is presented.
  • The sfgtools software is provided to facilitate data processing for new users.
  • Methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of VSFG spectra are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • This tutorial series aims to lower the barrier to entry for VSFG spectroscopy.
  • New researchers can gain practical skills in VSFG data collection, processing, and analysis.
  • The provided resources and discussions enable a better understanding of VSFG spectra.