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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
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Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis.

Samantha S Soldan1, Paul M Lieberman2

  • 1The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|August 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly linked to multiple sclerosis (MS). This review explores how EBV infection may trigger MS in susceptible individuals, potentially through immune system changes and molecular mimicry.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common herpesvirus linked to cancers.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major neurodegenerative disease.
  • EBV is the leading infectious candidate for triggering MS in genetically susceptible individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting EBV's causal role in MS.
  • To explore mechanisms of EBV in MS pathogenesis.
  • To discuss risk factors and therapeutic strategies targeting EBV for MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological and mechanistic studies.
  • Analysis of EBV's impact on B lymphocytes.
  • Examination of molecular mimicry and autoreactivity.

Main Results:

  • Compelling evidence suggests EBV is a causal agent in MS.
  • EBV may reprogram B lymphocytes and cause chronic antigen presentation.
  • Molecular mimicry is a potential mechanism for autoreactivity.

Conclusions:

  • EBV plays a significant role in MS development.
  • Understanding EBV-MS links can inform MS treatment.
  • Targeting EBV offers potential therapeutic avenues for MS.