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Golf and Physical Health: A Systematic Review.

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  • 1Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland, UK. g.sorbie@abertay.ac.uk.

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This systematic review found that playing golf can improve cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health, with some benefits to body composition. Caddying may also enhance musculoskeletal health, though study limitations exist.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • No prior systematic reviews have comprehensively analyzed the physical health benefits associated with playing golf or working as a caddie.
  • This review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the impact of golf participation on the cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal health of golfers and caddies, as well as their body composition.

Approach:

  • A systematic review of literature was conducted using electronic searches of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases in July 2021.
  • Included studies were experimental and non-experimental research published in English in peer-reviewed journals, focusing on health outcomes related to golf.
  • Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria after an initial screening of 572 identified articles.

Key Points:

  • Golf participation showed mixed but positive effects on physical health, including improvements in balance, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in golfers.
  • Caddies demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density (BMD), stiffness index, and strength.
  • While golf and caddying generally did not significantly affect body mass index (BMI), playing golf positively influenced lean and fat mass.

Conclusions:

  • Golf participation may serve as an effective strategy for enhancing musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health, with potential positive impacts on metabolic health and body composition, though evidence is mixed and parameter-dependent.
  • Initial findings suggest caddying can contribute to improved musculoskeletal health.
  • Methodological inconsistencies across studies, including variations in design, participant demographics, and intervention protocols, highlight limitations and areas for future research.