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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: September 8, 2023

Comparison between a human judge and automatic landmark identification on digital models.

Nora Dolatabadi¹, Robert L Boyd², Heesoo Oh²

¹Private practice, New York, NY.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics

|August 6, 2022

Summary

This study found that specialized software for automatic landmark location in dental scans is highly reliable and accurate. The software

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Area of Science:

Biomedical image analysis
Dental imaging technology
Orthodontic diagnostics

Background:

Accurate landmark identification is crucial for reliable biomedical image analysis.
Orthodontic study models are essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and record-keeping.
Evaluating automated tools for landmark location in dental imaging is necessary.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the reliability and validity of a software program for automatic landmark identification.
To compare software-based landmark location with human expert identification in orthodontic models.

Main Methods:

Digital intraoral scans of 10 dental arches were analyzed.
Four calibrated judges manually identified landmarks (cusp tips, interproximal contacts).
Software automatically identified the same landmarks; agreement was assessed using statistical analysis (ICC, Bland-Altman plots).

Main Results:

Excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were found between software and human judges for x, y, and z coordinates (1.0, 1.0, 0.98).
Regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots indicated no systematic errors in landmark identification.
Software-based landmark identification demonstrated high agreement with human expert identification.

Conclusions:

The automatic landmark location software is highly accurate and reliable.
The software's performance is nearly identical to that of human judges.
The software and human landmark identification methods are interchangeable for orthodontic applications.