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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.2K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.2K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.2K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.2K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.1K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.1K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.1K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

2.0K
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
2.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

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Visible-Light Photoinitiation of (Meth)acrylate Polymerization with Autonomous Post-conversion.

Kangmin Kim1, Jasmine Sinha2, Jeffrey W Stansbury3

  • 1Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.

Macromolecules
|August 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new visible light photoinitiator for radical photopolymerizations (RPPs). This advanced initiator enables significant dark-curing, extending polymerization after light exposure ceases, overcoming limitations in challenging applications.

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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Radical photopolymerizations (RPPs) rapidly plateau after irradiation stops due to radical termination.
  • This limitation restricts RPP use in applications with uneven light access, such as those with light-attenuating resins or irregular surfaces.
  • Existing dark-curing photoinitiators (DCPIs) offer a solution by enabling polymerization post-irradiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel DCPI with absorption extending into the visible light spectrum.
  • To enable efficient radical generation and dark-curing in RPPs under visible light.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional RPPs in applications with poor light penetration.

Main Methods:

  • Computational investigations (quantum chemical computations) to design and predict molecular properties.
  • Synthesis and optical characterization (UV-vis spectroscopy) of the designed DCPI.
  • Demonstration of photo- and dark-curing efficiencies using a visible light LED and a one-part system.

Main Results:

  • A new DCPI, 5,7-dimethoxy-6-bromo-3-aroylcoumarin-DMPT/BPh4, was designed, synthesized, and characterized.
  • The DCPI exhibits strong visible light absorption and facilitates dark-curing with >35% additional conversion post-irradiation.
  • High initiator efficiency (2.82) and photo-reductant generation quantum yield (77%) were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The developed visible light DCPI significantly enhances polymerization beyond light cessation.
  • This technology is suitable for RPPs involving light-attenuating resins and irregular surfaces.
  • The improved photo- and dark-curing efficiencies are expected to expand RPP applications and production line efficiencies.