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Associations Between Intrathecal Levels of Vitamin D, Cytokines, and Core Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A
Jelena Zugic Soares1,2,3, Jørgen Valeur3, Jūratė Šaltytė Benth4,5
1Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Background:
Several studies have examined association between vitamin D levels in serum and cognition, but little is known of vitamin D levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and association with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Objective:
In this cross-sectional, explorative study we investigated possible associations of vitamin D in CSF with biomarkers for AD, amyloid-β, tau protein/phosphorylated tau protein in CSF, and with the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in CSF in patients with cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy controls.
Methods:
We included 100 outpatients ≥65 years referred for assessment of cognitive impairment and 76 age- and sex-matched cognitively healthy controls. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), amyloid-β, tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein, as well as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were analyzed in CSF in both groups.
Results:
Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF in all groups together were associated with lower levels of tau protein (p = 0.01) and phosphorylated tau protein (p = 0.005). We found no association between 25(OH)D levels in CSF and pathological levels of amyloid-β in CSF nor levels of IL-6 or TNF-α in CSF. Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF were associated with higher levels of IL-8 in CSF (p = 0.002). However, vitamin D explained only 6% of variance in IL-8. There was no significant difference between the patient groups and the control group regarding the association between 25(OH)D in CSF and any of the three cytokines in CSF.
Conclusion:
Participants with higher CSF levels of 25(OH)D exhibited reduced CSF levels of tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein.
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