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Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

Ethical Issues

Ethical Issues

Nurses are essential in patient care, upholding the ethical principles of their profession and effectively navigating ethical dilemmas. Neglecting ethical issues can lead to inadequate patient care, compromised therapeutic relationships, and moral distress among healthcare workers.
Ethical Concerns in Healthcare:

Ethical Dilemmas I

Ethical Dilemmas I

Ethical dilemmas in nursing are of utmost importance, as they often arise from the tension between adhering to core ethical principles and the practical realities of healthcare delivery. These dilemmas require nurses to navigate complex situations where competing ethical considerations pull them in different directions.
Let us explore some examples to understand the potentially complex moral decisions nurses face.
Take the case of caring for minors, particularly in areas related to reproductive...

Ethics and Bioethics

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Ethics is a philosophical study of moral actions. Ethics attempts to determine what is valuable for individuals and society. It examines the rational justification of moral judgments and analyzes what is morally just, fair, and right. Bioethics is a sub-discipline of applied ethics that analyzes the philosophical, social, and legal issues in life sciences and medicine. Ethical theories serve as a foundation for decision-making and represent the viewpoints from which people seek direction. They...

Ethics in Research

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

Citation bias, diversity, and ethics.

Keisha S Ray¹, Perry Zurn², Jordan D Dworkin³

¹McGovern Center For Humanities & Ethics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

Accountability in Research

|August 8, 2022

Summary

Citation Diversity Statements aim to mitigate bias in academic citations. This commentary explores their potential benefits and practical challenges in promoting equitable research practices.

Keywords:

Citation bias diversity equity ethics

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Area of Science:

Scholarly communication
Research impact assessment
Academic publishing

Background:

Citation metrics significantly influence researcher career advancement and institutional evaluations.
Existing research indicates citation patterns are susceptible to biases related to author prestige, gender, race, and nationality.
Social identity and positional biases can affect how research impact is perceived and measured.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the proposed use of Citation Diversity Statements as a method to counteract biases in academic referencing.
To examine the arguments supporting the implementation of Citation Diversity Statements.
To consider the practical and ethical implications associated with these statements.

Main Methods:

This commentary analyzes the concept and rationale behind Citation Diversity Statements.
It reviews existing literature on citation biases and academic assessment.
The discussion considers practical implementation and ethical considerations.

Main Results:

Citation Diversity Statements are proposed as a mechanism to address social identity and positional biases in academic references.
Authors can use these statements to affirm a commitment to diversity and equity in their cited sources.
The commentary explores the potential benefits and challenges of adopting such statements.

Conclusions:

Citation Diversity Statements offer a potential avenue for promoting equity and diversity in scholarly referencing.
Their practical application and ethical considerations require careful examination.
Further discussion is needed on their effectiveness in mitigating citation biases and their role in academic evaluation.