The influence of prenatal and postnatal fraternity size on reproduction in mice

Effects of prenatal and postnatal fraternity size (size of litter in which an individual is reared) on age at vaginal opening, growth, and subsequent litter production were examined by rearing mice in standardized prenatal and postnatal fraternities in a 3 X 3 factorial design. Prenatal fraternity size was standardized by reducing litters of 14 or more to either 14, 10, or 6 fetuses on Day 9 of gestation. Postnatal fraternity size was standardized by assigning pups randomly to nurse in litters of 5, 10, or 15 pups within 24 h of birth. Both prenatal and postnatal fraternity size affected growth of the mice (p = 0.02 and p less than 0.01, respectively) with mice reared in small fraternities attaining greater weights throughout the study. Prenatal fraternity size had a negative linear effect on litter size at second parity and tended to have a positive linear effect on age at vaginal opening. Postnatal fraternity size affected age at vaginal opening (p less than 0.01), litter size at first parity (p less than 0.01), and litter size at second parity (p = 0.03). These effects were positive and linear for age at vaginal opening (p less than 0.01; small fraternity size associated with younger age at vaginal opening) and negative and linear for litter size at first and second parity (p less than 0.01 and p = 0.10, respectively; smaller fraternity size associated with larger litter size). There was no interaction between prenatal and postnatal fraternity size effects on age at vaginal opening or litter size (p greater than 0.20).