Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

6.4K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
6.4K
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

711
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
711
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

638
Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
638
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

535
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
535
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

1.8K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
1.8K
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

1.1K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Optic Neuritis Subtype.

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence-Based Prognostic Models for Postoperative Outcomes in Vitreoretinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ophthalmology. Retina·2026
Same author

Visual Field Testing: The Key to Localizing Afferent Visual Pathway Lesions.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same author

Healthcare Provider Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence and Ocular Imaging in the Evaluation of Neurologic Disorders: The New Era of Neuro-Oculomics?

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same author

Relapse and disability outcomes in incident MOGAD patients undergoing watchful waiting after onset.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2025
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

14.2K

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

Fiona Costello

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |August 8, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) involve autoimmune attacks on the central nervous system. Recent advances identify new therapies targeting key immune pathways, improving patient outcomes.

    More Related Videos

    Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
    09:29

    Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

    Published on: August 21, 2017

    11.6K
    Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats
    07:08

    Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

    Published on: January 10, 2019

    10.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
    12:23

    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

    Published on: April 14, 2014

    14.2K
    Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
    09:29

    Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

    Published on: August 21, 2017

    11.6K
    Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats
    07:08

    Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

    Published on: January 10, 2019

    10.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimmunology
    • Autoimmune Neurology
    • Clinical Neurology

    Background:

    • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare, severe autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.
    • Pathogenic autoantibodies, particularly aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG, define NMOSD as an autoimmune astrocytopathy.
    • Understanding NMOSD's immunopathology is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the clinical features, immunopathology, diagnostics, risk factors, biomarkers, and treatments for NMOSD.
    • To highlight recent advancements in understanding and managing NMOSD.
    • To discuss ongoing challenges and future research directions in NMOSD.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on NMOSD.
    • Analysis of recent clinical trial data for novel NMOSD therapies.
    • Synthesis of emerging biomarkers and their clinical relevance.

    Main Results:

    • The identification of AQP4-IgG has led to targeted therapies like eculizumab, satralizumab, and inebilizumab.
    • Four recent randomized controlled trials confirm the efficacy of these new NMOSD treatments.
    • Emerging biomarkers such as neurofilament light chain and GFAP show promise for relapse detection.

    Conclusions:

    • NMOSD diagnosis and treatment remain challenging, with ongoing debate regarding MOG-IgG.
    • New therapies targeting complement, IL-6 receptor, and B cells are effective.
    • Future research should focus on relapse management, restorative treatments, and equitable access to care.