Parkinson's disease rodent models: Are they suitable for DBS research?

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) appeared in the therapeutic framework for Parkinson's disease in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s, conceived as an alternative to ablative treatments, using inhibitory electrical stimulation parameters still clinically in force today, with frequencies above 130 Hz, a pulse width of 60 ms and current intensity around 3 mA into deep brain structures, to relieve the motor symptoms of the disease. This context expands into a technique not only restricted to the targets traditionally used in lesional procedures, supported by the knowledge acquired with non-human primate (NHP) animal models during the early 1990 s, initiated by Benazzouz and collaborators. Currently, NHP animal models have lost ground to research models in rodents, which have assumed a prominent position in scientific research on DBS. However, how can an animal so small and different from Homo sapiens provide relevant information that may guide the evolution of treatment for a condition that occurs only in humans, like PD? The scope of this review is to address recent advances in PD pathogeny, DBS principles, and different in vivo experimental DBS models in rodents, their limitations and relevance, as well as the future directions in animal models for scientific research.