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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Published on: February 23, 2017

Tooth whitening with an experimental toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

Ren Shang¹, Dalia Kaisarly², Karl-Heinz Kunzelmann²

¹Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, D-80336, Munich, Germany. ren.shang@campus.lmu.de.

BMC Oral Health

|August 8, 2022

Summary

Toothpaste with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAPs) effectively whitens teeth, with higher concentrations yielding better results. This nano-HAP toothpaste also demonstrates good resistance to mechanical forces, making it a promising option for dental care.

Keywords:

Concentration Hydroxyapatite Nanotechnology Toothpaste Whitening

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Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

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Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Published on: July 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Dental Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Tooth whitening is a common cosmetic dental procedure.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAPs) show potential for dental applications.
The whitening efficacy and concentration-dependency of nano-HAP toothpaste require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the postbrushing tooth-whitening effect of toothpaste containing nano-HAPs.
To determine the impact of nano-HAP concentration on whitening performance.
To assess the stability of the whitening effect against mechanical forces.

Main Methods:

Two concentrations of nano-HAP (10 wt% and 1 wt%) were incorporated into non-abrasive toothpastes.
Bovine incisors were treated with nano-HAP toothpastes, a negative control, and water.
Tooth color was measured using a spectrophotometer before and after treatment and hydrodynamic shear force (HSF) application.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe enamel surface changes.

Main Results:

Nano-HAP treated enamel showed significantly higher L* values and lower a* and b* values compared to controls.
The 10 wt% nano-HAP group exhibited significantly greater color change (ΔE) than the 1 wt% group.
The whitening effect (ΔE and ΔL) slightly decreased after exposure to hydrodynamic shear force.
SEM revealed HAP crystallites and agglomerates on the enamel surface, with increasing size upon reapplication.

Conclusions:

Nano-HAP toothpaste provides a notable postbrushing whitening effect.
The whitening efficacy of nano-HAP toothpaste is concentration-dependent.
Nano-HAP toothpaste demonstrates good resistance to mechanical forces, indicating durability.