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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

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Challenges in the growth and development of newborns with extra-uterine growth restriction

Laura Lucaccioni1, Lorenzo Iughetti1, Alberto Berardi2

  • 1Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 9, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR) affects most preterm infants in the NICU, impacting future development. Addressing EUGR requires standardized definitions and collaborative care between neonatologists and pediatric endocrinologists.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Growth and Development

Background:

  • Extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a failure of very preterm infants to achieve optimal growth in the NICU.
  • Despite advances in nutritional support, preterm infant growth remains suboptimal.
  • EUGR is increasingly recognized as a major comorbidity affecting long-term outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition and controversial aspects of EUGR.
  • To highlight challenges in accurate anthropometric assessment in NICU settings.
  • To emphasize the need for standardized growth monitoring and collaborative care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on EUGR definition, assessment, and impact.
  • Discussion of current debates regarding appropriate growth charts.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to measurement inaccuracies.

Main Results:

  • A universal definition for EUGR is lacking.
  • There is ongoing debate about the optimal growth charts for preterm infants.
  • Inconsistent training in anthropometric measurements can lead to assessment errors.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of preterm neonates experience EUGR, leading to adverse short- and long-term consequences.
  • Standardized definitions and growth monitoring are crucial.
  • Collaboration between neonatologists and pediatric endocrinologists is essential to optimize NICU growth modulation.
Abstract

Keywords:
Catch-up growthExtra-uterine growth restrictionGrowthmetabolismneurodevelopmentprematurityshort staturevery low birth weight

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