Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 2, 2025
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Single-Institution Algorithm for Prevention and Management of Complications in Direct-to-Implant Breast
Zhuming Yin1, Huiqing Wang1, Yue Liu1
1From the Department of Breast Oncoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Sino-Russian Joint Research Center for Oncoplastic Breast Surgery; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer; and Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
Background:
Complications including infection and wound dehiscence are major concerns for direct-to-implant breast reconstruction. However, the risk factors associated with severe complications and implant salvage remain unclear.
Methods:
This was a retrospective study of all patients undergoing unilateral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction from 2014 through 2019. The risk factors associated with complications and prosthesis explantation were identified using multivariate logistic regression modeling and interaction analyses.
Results:
Among 1027 patients enrolled, 90 experienced severe complications, 41 of whom underwent prosthesis explantation; 49 were successfully salvaged. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with larger implant size ( p = 0.003), use of bovine mesh ( p < 0.001), adjuvant radiotherapy ( p = 0.047), low plasma albumin ( p = 0.013), and elevated blood glucose ( p = 0.006) were significantly more likely to have complications. Adjuvant radiation therapy (OR, 7.44; 95 percent CI, 1.49 to 37.18; p = 0.014) and obesity (OR, 4.17; 95 percent CI, 1.17 to 14.88; p = 0.028) were associated with significantly lower rates of implant salvage and surgical-site infection and wound dehiscence, whereas mastectomy skin flap necrosis was not associated with device explantation. There were no differences in complication and explantation rates between nipple-sparing and skin-sparing mastectomies. However, the combined impact of surgical-site infection and wound dehiscence added a greater than 14-fold higher risk of prosthesis explantation (95 percent CI, 9.97 to 19.53).
Conclusions:
Success in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction is multifactorial. Larger implant size, adjuvant radiation therapy, diabetes, and malnutrition demonstrate increased risk of complications in the direct-to-implant approach. Surgical-site infections and wound dehiscence should be treated aggressively, but the combination of both complications portends poor salvage rates.
Clinical Question/Level Of Evidence:
Risk, III.
