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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Adrenaline triggers the...
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Adrenal Gland Function and Dysfunction During COVID-19.

Waldemar Kanczkowski1, Waqar Haider Gaba2, Nils Krone3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme
|August 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may affect adrenal gland function. While direct damage is unlikely to cause immediate crisis, potential late-onset adrenal insufficiency warrants further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant global health and economic challenges.
  • Adrenal hormone secretion is crucial for surviving infections, and glucocorticoids may aid COVID-19 patient recovery.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 may target adrenal glands, raising concerns about adrenal dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss factors influencing adrenal gland function during COVID-19.
  • To explore the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to cause adrenal dysfunction.
  • To examine the implications of structural adrenal changes in COVID-19 patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on COVID-19 and adrenal gland function.
  • Analysis of histopathological findings related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in adrenal glands.
  • Discussion of clinical observations regarding cortisol levels and adrenal insufficiency in COVID-19 patients.

Main Results:

  • Histopathological evidence indicates SARS-CoV-2 can cause structural damage to adrenal glands, particularly the vasculature.
  • Widespread cortical cell damage is not observed, making immediate adrenal crisis unlikely.
  • Most COVID-19 patients exhibit adequate cortisol levels, but late-onset or milder adrenal insufficiency cannot be ruled out.

Conclusions:

  • While direct, severe adrenal damage is rare in COVID-19, potential dysfunction exists.
  • Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency are possible complications.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term impact of COVID-19 on adrenal function.