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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

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Visual snow: A systematic review and a case series.

Stefanos N Sampatakakis1, Loukas Lymperopoulos1, Theodoros Mavridis1

  • 11st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

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Summary

Visual Snow Syndrome is a neurological condition characterized by persistent visual disturbances. Current data is limited, necessitating further research to establish its identity.

Keywords:
Visual Snow Syndromecomorbidityentopic phenomenamigrainepersistent visual disturbances

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Visual Snow Syndrome is a recently identified neurological condition.
  • It presents with persistent visual disturbances like tiny dots, nyctalopia, photophobia, and palinopsia.
  • Its definition and classification, potentially within the migraine aura spectrum, remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent data on Visual Snow Syndrome.
  • To improve the understanding of this neurological condition.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic PRISMA search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase.
  • The search used the keyword "visual snow" with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  • Thirty articles were included for qualitative analysis from an initial 855 identified.

Main Results:

  • Limited epidemiological data exists for Visual Snow Syndrome.
  • Clinical features and comorbidities, particularly migraine with aura and tinnitus, are described in detail.
  • Pathophysiology is largely hypothetical, supported by limited neuroimaging studies; treatment is based on case reports.

Conclusions:

  • Current data on Visual Snow Syndrome is insufficient to establish it as a distinct medical entity.
  • Further research is required to solidify its understanding and classification.