Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

45.8K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
45.8K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

5.7K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
5.7K
Hearing01:31

Hearing

53.0K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
53.0K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

28.6K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
28.6K
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

41.2K
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
41.2K
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

414
The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
414

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Representation of vocalizations in the frontal auditory field and the dorsal auditory cortex of bats.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2025
Same author

A researcher's guide to the comparative assessment of vocal production learning.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2021
Same author

Efficient encoding of spectrotemporal information for bat echolocation.

PLoS computational biology·2021
Same author

Processing of fast amplitude modulations in bat auditory cortex matches communication call-specific sound features.

Journal of neurophysiology·2019
Same author

Optic and echo-acoustic flow interact in bats.

The Journal of experimental biology·2019
Same author

Representation of three-dimensional space in the auditory cortex of the echolocating bat P. discolor.

PloS one·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

11.6K

Object-specific adaptation in the auditory cortex of bats.

Jan D Pastyrik1, Uwe Firzlaff1

  • 1Chair of Zoology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|August 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bats

Keywords:
SSAauditory cortexbatsbiosonarecholocation

More Related Videos

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition
07:14

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

Published on: October 29, 2018

6.6K
Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

11.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

11.6K
A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition
07:14

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

Published on: October 29, 2018

6.6K
Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

11.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory System Research
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Auditory systems must distinguish relevant sounds from background noise.
  • Echolocating bats face challenges in identifying important echoes during navigation and foraging.
  • Neural deviance detection may aid in processing rare, significant auditory stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neural deviance detection in the auditory cortex (AC) of bats.
  • To understand how bat auditory systems process repetitive and novel acoustic stimuli.
  • To explore the role of spectrotemporal envelope in echo perception.

Main Methods:

  • Designed sequences of repetitive virtual echoes with varying spectrotemporal envelopes.
  • Presented standard echoes followed by a deviant echo to anesthetized bats (Phyllostomus discolor).
  • Recorded extracellular neuronal responses in the auditory cortex, analyzing adaptation and response to deviant stimuli.

Main Results:

  • 49% of auditory cortex neurons showed adaptation to standard echoes.
  • A strong response was observed in these neurons to the deviant echo.
  • Neuronal sensitivity to deviant echoes was influenced by the time intervals between echoes, with shorter intervals showing stronger adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Neurons in the bat auditory cortex exhibit sensitivity to novel acoustic stimuli within repetitive sequences.
  • This suggests a neuronal deviance detection mechanism in the AC.
  • This mechanism may assist bats in detecting relevant objects amidst background echo clutter.