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The "Boyfriend Loophole" and Intimate Partner Homicides: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the National Violent Death
Hannah I Rochford1,2, Mark Berg3,4,5, Corinne Peek-Asa3,6
1Injury Prevention Research Center, 2190 Westlawn, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. hannah-rochford@uiowa.edu.
Journal of Prevention (2022)
|August 10, 2022
Summary
State firearm laws closing the "partner loophole" protect white victims of intimate partner homicide but not victims of color. Policies may not be sufficient alone to equitably reduce intimate partner homicide rates.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Criminology
- Sociology
Background:
- Intimate partner homicides (IPHs) are frequently linked to domestic violence and firearm access.
- State firearm protection laws vary, with some states lacking protections for dating partners, creating a
- partner loophole
- or
- boyfriend loophole
- .
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) data to assess the association between state partner loopholes and intimate partner homicides among unmarried victims.
- To examine racial disparities in the effectiveness of partner loophole policies.
Main Methods:
- State policies were reviewed to identify partner loopholes.
- Negative binomial generalized estimating equations were used with lagged policy variables, year fixed-effects, robust standard errors, and state-clustered errors.
- Analysis focused on unmarried intimate partner homicide victimization rates.
Main Results:
- Increased firearm access correlates with higher rates of unmarried intimate partner homicide victimization.
- The association between partner loopholes and homicide rates differed across racial subgroups.
- Closing partner loopholes showed a protective effect for white unmarried victims but not for unmarried victims of color.
Conclusions:
- Partner loophole policies are a component of intimate partner homicide prevention but are not sufficient on their own for equitable protection.
- Further research and policy evaluation are needed to create culturally and legally equitable protections against intimate partner homicide.
- Addressing racial disparities in intimate partner homicide requires multifaceted policy approaches beyond closing partner loopholes.
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