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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Viral informatics: bioinformatics-based solution for managing viral infections.

Sanjay Kumar1,2, Geethu S Kumar3,2, Subhrangsu Sundar Maitra1

  • 1School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

Briefings in Bioinformatics
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Bioinformatics tools are crucial for identifying and managing emerging viral infections like dengue virus (DENV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). This review consolidates bioinformatics approaches for viral characterization and therapeutic development.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencedrug discoveryvaccine developmentviral informaticsviral pandemic

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Emerging viral infections pose significant global health threats, with some, like dengue virus (DENV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), lacking specific therapeutics.
  • Viral evolution through genetic recombination and cross-species transmission continuously generates new pathogenic strains and variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of bioinformatics-based strategies for combating emerging viral infections.
  • To consolidate available bioinformatics resources for viral characterization, pathogenicity analysis, and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of bioinformatics approaches for identifying and managing viral strains.
  • Analysis of genomic data for pathogenicity and epidemiological insights.
  • Exploration of computational methods for designing antiviral therapeutics.
  • Compilation of viral informatics databases.

Main Results:

  • Bioinformatics offers a powerful toolkit for viral characterization and the development of novel therapeutics.
  • Genomic and epidemiological analyses aid in understanding viral evolution and spread.
  • Computational drug design accelerates the discovery of effective antiviral treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Bioinformatics approaches are essential for addressing the challenges posed by emerging and evolving viral threats.
  • Consolidated resources and improved strategies in viral informatics can enhance translational research and public health outcomes.