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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

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The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Bladder Cancer, Version 2.2022.

Thomas W Flaig1, Philippe E Spiess2, Michael Abern3

  • 1University of Colorado Cancer Center.

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The NCCN Guidelines for Bladder Cancer offer updated treatment strategies for various stages of bladder cancer. Key updates include managing bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortages and new therapies like antibody-drug conjugates.

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Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Clinical guidelines
  • Cancer treatment

Background:

  • The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines are crucial for managing bladder cancer.
  • Recent updates address evolving treatment landscapes and therapeutic options.
  • These guidelines cover a spectrum of urinary tract cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent NCCN Guidelines updates for bladder cancer treatment.
  • To highlight changes in managing non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
  • To incorporate new therapeutic agents and strategies for advanced disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of NCCN Guidelines panel discussions and recent updates.
  • Analysis of treatment recommendations for NMIBC, including BCG alternatives.
  • Evaluation of novel therapies for muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer.

Main Results:

  • Recommendations for managing bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortages in NMIBC.
  • Integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors across different bladder cancer stages.
  • Inclusion of antibody-drug conjugates for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Updated NCCN Guidelines provide critical insights for bladder cancer management.
  • New treatment options enhance therapeutic strategies for NMIBC and advanced disease.
  • The guidelines reflect advancements in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for bladder cancer.