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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Buffer Assists Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction by a Cobalt Macrocycle Complex.

Sarah E Braley1, Hyuk-Yong Kwon2, Song Xu1

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Phosphate buffer activates an inactive cobalt complex for efficient nitrite reduction to ammonium. Buffer concentration is key, with optimal levels enhancing catalysis and proton shuttling for nitrogen oxide conversion.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Cobalt complexes are explored for catalytic applications.
  • Nitrite reduction is crucial for nitrogen oxide conversion.
  • The cobalt complex [Co(TIM)Br2]+ is initially catalytically inactive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the activation of [Co(TIM)Br2]+ for aqueous nitrite reduction.
  • Determine the role of phosphate buffer in the electrocatalysis.
  • Elucidate the mechanism of nitrite reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental and computational study.
  • Electrocatalysis using controlled potential electrolysis.
  • Rotating ring-disk electrode experiments.
  • Mechanistic investigations.

Main Results:

  • Phosphate buffer enables efficient electrocatalysis of nitrite to ammonium.
  • Ammonium and hydroxylamine are direct products.
  • Buffer concentration impacts catalytic current and overpotential.
  • Phosphate buffer acts as a proton shuttle.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate buffer is vital for activating the cobalt catalyst.
  • Optimal buffer concentration is necessary for efficient catalysis.
  • Buffer plays a key role in designing electrocatalysts for nitrogen oxide conversion.