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Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

High-throughput DNA Extraction and Genotyping of 3dpf Zebrafish Larvae by Fin Clipping

High-throughput DNA Extraction and Genotyping of 3dpf Zebrafish Larvae by Fin Clipping

Published on: June 29, 2018

Genetically-biased fertilization in APOBEC1 complementation factor (A1cf) mutant mice.

Naoki Hirose¹, Genevieve Blanchet¹, Yasuhiro Yamauchi¹

¹Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.

Scientific Reports

|August 10, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fertilization bias is influenced by sperm genetics, not just environment. APOBEC1 complementation factor (A1cf) gene mutations in mice reveal intrinsic gamete factors affecting fertilization success.

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Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

High-throughput DNA Extraction and Genotyping of 3dpf Zebrafish Larvae by Fin Clipping

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Published on: June 29, 2018

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Published on: April 10, 2018

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Published on: February 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Gamete combination is typically random through meiosis and recombination.
Fertilization can be non-random, influenced by gamete genetics or reproductive tract conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if non-random fertilization is due to intrinsic gamete factors or environmental influences.
To investigate the mechanism of biased fertilization involving the A1cf gene.

Main Methods:

In vitro fertilization (IVF) using mice with mutant and wild-type A1cf alleles.
Analysis of transcriptome data to identify A1cf transcript localization and function.

Main Results:

Significant fertilization bias favoring mutant heterozygotes was observed.
A1cf transcripts and targets are localized in spermatids, enriched for functions in meiosis, fertilization, RNA stability, translation, and mitochondria.
Bias is primarily dependent on sperm and oocyte genetics, with minimal environmental impact.

Conclusions:

Intrinsic genetic factors within gametes, specifically related to A1cf, drive fertilization bias.
A1cf's role in sequestering mRNA targets in spermatids creates functional gamete differences, allowing for haploid selection.
IVF provides a model to study gamete preference and non-Mendelian inheritance for A1cf and other genes.