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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Radical Formation: Addition00:47

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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
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RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
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Reading about a RELO-VUTION.

Manuel Perea1,2, Ana Marcet3, Ana Baciero4

  • 1Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.

Psychological Research
|August 10, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The transposed-letter similarity effect, where jumbled letters cause confusion, persists even when words are split across lines. This indicates abstract-level processing of letter positions in reading.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The transposed-letter similarity effect demonstrates that pseudowords with swapped letters are often confused with their base words.
  • This effect is well-established in standard linear text presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the transposed-letter effect persists when words are presented across multiple lines.
  • To explore the robustness of letter position coding in reading under non-canonical text formats.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments 1-3 presented pseudowords and control words in standard one-line, two-line, and syllable-per-line formats.
  • Participant accuracy in identifying or distinguishing these words was measured.

Main Results:

  • A decrease in the transposed-letter effect was observed in two-line and syllabic formats compared to the standard format.
  • The transposed-letter effect remained substantial despite letters being spatially separated across lines.

Conclusions:

  • The transposed-letter effect is robust even when transposed letters are distant in space.
  • Letter position coding in reading operates significantly at an abstract level, independent of precise spatial arrangement.