Systemic lupus erythematosus following human papillomavirus vaccination: A case-based review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous systemic autoimmune diseases (AIDs) with many pathogenic factors, ranging from genetic to epigenetic to environmental. The human papillomavirus (HPV), a viral infectious agent, is a common contributor to the onset and exacerbation of SLE. HPV infections are more prevalent among SLE patients than healthy individuals, bringing about a substantial need for treatment. While HPV recombinant gene vaccines are accepted as a universal method for infection prevention, they pose a risk for adverse events such as fever, joint pain, and rashes. In rare cases, they might even trigger AIDs such as SLE, especially in patients with a personal or family history of such diseases. In this article, we provide a report of a case of SLE onset following HPV vaccination and a review of 11 similar cases. An analysis of 12 patients revealed that 7 cases of SLE developed between 3 weeks and 2 months post-vaccination. Symptoms of SLE generally manifest as fatigue, fever, joint pain, and myalgia. Two patients had lupus nephritis, 2 showed central nervous system involvement, including abnormal behavior and epileptic seizures, and 1 had intestinal pseudo-obstruction. All patients showed rapid remission with glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive therapy and remained stable during several months of follow-up.