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Nociception

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.

Analgesia and Pain Management

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

Pain

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

Epigenetic modulation of visceral nociception.

QiQi Zhou^1,2, George Nicholas Verne^1,2

¹Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Neurogastroenterology and Motility

|August 11, 2022

Summary

Epigenetic alterations in the brain

Keywords:

DNA methylation abdominal pain amygdala disorders of brain-gut interaction epigenetics irritable bowel syndrome visceral hypersensitivity visceral pain

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Published on: December 19, 2013

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Published on: October 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Gastroenterology

Background:

Epigenetics influences gene activity without altering DNA sequence.
Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modification.
The role of epigenetics in brain-gut disorders and visceral pain is emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.
To explore epigenetic alterations in the central nucleus of the amygdala.

Main Methods:

Rodent models of stress-induced visceral pain.
Analysis of epigenetic modifications in the central amygdala.

Main Results:

The study provides evidence for epigenetic alterations in the central nucleus of the amygdala.
These epigenetic changes are linked to stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rodents.

Conclusions:

Epigenetic mechanisms in the central amygdala contribute to stress-induced visceral pain.
Further research is needed to fully understand the neurobiology of chronic visceral nociception.