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Viral-mediated activation and inhibition of programmed cell death

Shayla Grace Verburg1, Rebecca Margaret Lelievre1, Michael James Westerveld1

  • 1Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.

Plos Pathogens
|August 11, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Viruses manipulate host cell death pathways, including apoptosis and less-studied programmed cell death (PCD) types, impacting viral spread and immunity. This review explores viral modulation of PCD and its effects on pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites dependent on host cell machinery for replication.
  • Viral replication necessitates modulation of host cellular processes, including programmed cell death (PCD).
  • Viruses are known to both induce and inhibit various forms of PCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of viral activation and inhibition of PCD.
  • To discuss the impact of PCD modulation on viral pathogenesis.
  • To explore the role of PCD in antiviral immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral interactions with host cell death pathways.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying viral modulation of PCD.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on PCD, viral pathogenesis, and immunity.

Main Results:

  • Viruses employ diverse strategies to control host PCD, influencing replication and host response.
  • Apoptosis is well-studied, but necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and paraptosis are increasingly recognized as viral targets.
  • Modulation of PCD significantly affects viral pathogenesis and the host's antiviral immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding viral manipulation of diverse PCD pathways is crucial for comprehending viral pathogenesis and host defense.
  • Further research into understudied PCD modalities offers potential for novel antiviral strategies.
  • Viral control of cell death is a key determinant of virus-host interactions and disease outcomes.

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