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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Renal hyperparathyroidism.

Aiji Yajima1, Ken Tsuchiya2, Makoto Kuro-O3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Urology, Tokyo, Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department Blood Purification, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Vitamins and Hormones
|August 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients face increased fracture risks due to renal hyperparathyroidism, linked to FGF23 and phosphorus overload. Understanding diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatments is crucial for managing bone disease in CKD.

Keywords:
Calcimimetic agentsCalciumFGF-23Parathyroid hormoneParathyroidectomyPhosphorusRenal bone diseaseRenal hyperparathyroidismVitamin D

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Last Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Increasing global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Renal hyperparathyroidism is a significant complication in CKD patients.
  • Klotho-FGF-endocrine axes play a critical role in CKD pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathophysiology of renal hyperparathyroidism in CKD.
  • To describe diagnostic methods for renal hyperparathyroidism.
  • To outline current and potential treatments for renal hyperparathyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on CKD, renal hyperparathyroidism, and bone disease.
  • Analysis of the role of FGF23, calciprotein particles, and phosphorus in disease progression.
  • Examination of the association between bone disease and fracture risk in CKD.

Main Results:

  • FGF23 activation by calciprotein particles contributes to vascular ossification.
  • Phosphorus overload directly elevates parathyroid hormone, leading to hyperparathyroid bone disease.
  • Both hyperparathyroid and low turnover bone disease in CKD increase fracture risk, with micropetrosis a potential factor in the latter.

Conclusions:

  • Renal hyperparathyroidism is a complex condition in CKD with significant implications for bone health and fracture risk.
  • Effective management requires a thorough understanding of its pathophysiology, including hormonal axes and mineral imbalances.
  • Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies are essential to mitigate complications and improve outcomes for CKD patients.