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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
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3D Paper-based milk adulteration detection device.

Subhashis Patari1, Priyankan Datta1, Pallab Sinha Mahapatra2

  • 1Micro Nano Bio-Fluids Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.

Scientific Reports
|August 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new 3D paper-based microfluidic device simultaneously detects seven common milk adulterants using colorimetric reactions. This portable, user-friendly technology offers rapid, low-volume testing for food safety in resource-limited settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Milk adulteration is a significant global health concern, particularly in developing nations.
  • Existing methods often fail to detect multiple adulterants simultaneously, leaving a critical gap in food safety analysis.
  • The health implications of consuming milk contaminated with multiple chemical adulterants are severe and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a novel three-dimensional (3D) paper-based microfluidic device for simultaneous detection of multiple milk adulterants.
  • To evaluate the specificity and analyze color interference for seven common adulterants.
  • To establish a portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective method for rapid milk quality assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D paper-based microfluidic device with optimized flow paths for uniform velocity.
  • Simultaneous colorimetric detection of seven adulterants: urea, detergents, soap, starch, hydrogen peroxide, sodium-hydrogen-carbonate, and salt.
  • Specificity evaluation, color interference analysis, and determination of limit of detection (LOD) using calibration curves.

Main Results:

  • The device successfully detected seven adulterants simultaneously in milk samples with high specificity.
  • Low sample (1-2 mL) and reagent (10 µL) volumes were required for rapid, seconds-level results.
  • The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] (vol./vol.), with good repeatability, reproducibility, and sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D paper-based microfluidic device provides a simple, portable, and effective solution for simultaneous detection of multiple milk adulterants.
  • This technology is highly suitable for resource-limited settings, enabling rapid food safety testing before consumption.
  • The study addresses the unexplored area of multiple adulterant effects, contributing to enhanced public health protection.