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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Bile01:19

Bile

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Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Interactive Relationships between Intestinal Flora and Bile Acids.

Xiaohua Guo1, Edozie Samuel Okpara1, Wanting Hu2

  • 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome and bile acids have a two-way relationship impacting health. Imbalances in this gut-bile acid axis are linked to diseases like IBD, CRC, and T2DM.

Keywords:
bile acidsdiseaseshomeostatic imbalancesinteractionsintestinal flora

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • The digestive tract harbors diverse microbial communities crucial for host health.
  • Bile acids are modulated by both the host and gut microbiota.
  • A bidirectional relationship exists between intestinal flora and bile acid metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate interplay between intestinal microbiota and bile acids.
  • To understand the role of this interaction in maintaining homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
  • Analysis of the bidirectional communication pathways between microbial communities and bile acid pools.
  • Correlation of dysbiosis and altered bile acid profiles with specific disease states.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiota significantly influences bile acid synthesis and metabolism.
  • Bile acid composition impacts microbial diversity and intestinal homeostasis.
  • Imbalances in the gut-bile acid axis are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota-bile acid axis is fundamental to intestinal homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of this axis is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases.
  • Targeting the gut-bile acid interaction may offer therapeutic strategies for related pathologies.