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Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes

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Published on: March 9, 2019

Biocompatible Casein Electrolyte-Based Electric-Double-Layer for Artificial Synaptic Transistors.

Hwi-Su Kim¹, Hamin Park², Won-Ju Cho¹

¹Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Gwangun-ro 20, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 12, 2022

Summary

Researchers developed a novel synaptic transistor using casein, a biocompatible organic material. This casein-based electric-double-layer (EDL) transistor mimics brain synapses, achieving 90% accuracy in learning simulations for neuromorphic computing.

Keywords:

artificial synapses biocompatible casein electric-double-layer neuromorphic computing organic material synaptic transistor

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Last Updated: Sep 1, 2025

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Published on: March 9, 2019

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Published on: June 6, 2012

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

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Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Neuroscience
Electronics

Background:

Artificial synapses are crucial for developing advanced neuromorphic computing systems.
Biocompatible materials are sought after for environmentally friendly and biologically integrated electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate casein as a novel biocompatible organic material for electric-double-layer (EDL) based synaptic transistors.
To evaluate the synaptic functionalities and neuromorphic computing capabilities of casein-based transistors.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of synaptic transistors using indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and a casein electrolyte.
Characterization of capacitance and assessment of synaptic behaviors like excitatory post-synaptic current and paired-pulse facilitation.
Emulation of spike-timing-dependent plasticity and learning simulations using Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology datasets.

Main Results:

Casein electrolyte demonstrated high capacitance (~1.74 μF/cm²) and functioned as an EDL due to internal proton charge.
The fabricated transistors exhibited significant synaptic behaviors and stable potentiation/depression characteristics.
A 90% recognition rate was achieved in learning simulations, verifying neuromorphic computing capability.

Conclusions:

Casein electrolyte is a promising, biocompatible material for creating artificial synapses.
These findings support the development of eco-friendly and biologically compatible neuromorphic systems.
The study highlights the potential of organic materials in advancing neuromorphic engineering.