Effects of PEG Chain Length on Relaxometric Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Based MRI Contrast Agent

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have received considerable interest due to their superior magnetic properties. To increase the biocompatibility and blood circulation time, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is usually chosen to decorate IONPs. Although the surface effect induced by the PEGylation has an impact on the relaxometric properties of IONPs and can subsequently affect the imaging results, the occurrence of particle aggregation has troubled researchers to deeply explore this correlation. To shed light on this relationship, three diphosphonate PEGs with molecular weights of 1000, 2000, and 5000 Da were used to replace the hydrophobic oleate ligands of 3.6 nm and 10.9 nm IONPs. Then, the contrast enhancement properties of the resultant "aggregation-free" nanoparticles were carefully evaluated. Moreover, related theories were adopted to predict certain properties of IONPs and to compare with the experimental data, as well as obtain profound knowledge about the impacts of the PEG chain length on transverse relaxivity (r₂) and longitudinal relaxivity (r₁). It was found that r₂ and the saturated magnetization of the IONPs, independent of particle size, was closely related to the chain length of PEG. The results unveiled the correlation between the chain length of the coated PEG and the relaxometric properties of IONPs, providing valuable information which might hold great promise in designing optimized, high-performance IONPs for MRI-related applications.