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Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

Sound Waves

Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well....

Interference and Superposition of Waves

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...

Korotkoff Sounds

Korotkoff Sounds

Korotkoff sounds are the specific sounds heard while measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, typically with a stethoscope or a Doppler device. They are named after Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov, who first described them in 1905. These sounds correspond to turbulent blood flow in the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually released after inflation.
During blood pressure assessment, inflating the cuff 30 millimeters of mercury above the patient's systolic blood pressure...

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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

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Published on: September 27, 2024

A Wavelet-Based Steganographic Method for Text Hiding in an Audio Signal.

Olga Veselska¹, Oleksandr Lavrynenko², Roman Odarchenko²

¹Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 12, 2022

Summary

This study enhances audio steganography by embedding text in low-frequency components using wavelet transforms. The new method significantly improves robustness against signal compression, ensuring data integrity.

Keywords:

audio signal orthogonal wavelet filters spectrum analysis steganographic encoder text information masking wavelet coefficients wavelet transform

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Area of Science:

Digital Signal Processing
Information Security
Steganography

Background:

Steganography faces challenges from signal manipulation.
Existing methods embedding data in high-frequency components are vulnerable to compression.
Robustness against audio signal manipulation is crucial for secure data hiding.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a more robust steganographic method for audio signals.
To increase the resilience of stego-systems against signal compression and distortion.
To preserve the integrity of hidden text information despite unauthorized manipulations.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a multilevel discrete wavelet transform.
Employing adaptive block normalization for text information.
Implementing recursive embedding in the low-frequency component of audio signals.
Applying scalar product with Daubechies wavelet filters.

Main Results:

The developed method recursively embeds data in the low-frequency component.
Experimental results show a significant increase in the average power of hidden data.
Achieved a compression ratio (CR) of 20, compared to 6 for existing high-frequency methods.
Demonstrated a 3.3 times increase in stego-system resistance to audio signal compression.

Conclusions:

Recursive embedding in the low-frequency component enhances data hiding robustness.
The proposed wavelet-based steganography method offers superior resistance to signal compression.
This technique effectively preserves text information integrity in manipulated audio signals.