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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

334
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
334
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

299
Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
299
Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

298
Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
298
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

191
The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
191
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

208
Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
208
Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

917
Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...
917

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: An evolving experience through multiple waves.

Nathan J Smith1, Sarah Park2, M Tracy Zundel3

  • 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

Artificial Organs
|August 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for COVID-19 pneumonia offers benefits but has risks. Right ventricular assist device (RVAD/ECMO) showed better survival than venovenous (VV) ECMO, though its efficacy decreased over time.

Keywords:
COVID-19acute respiratory distress syndromeextracorporeal membrane oxygenationmechanical circulatory supportoutcomes

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Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Peripheral Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Without Left Ventricular Venting
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Lung Rapid Recovery Procurement Combined with Abdominal Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death
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Last Updated: Sep 1, 2025

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Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Peripheral Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Without Left Ventricular Venting
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Lung Rapid Recovery Procurement Combined with Abdominal Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death
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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Cardiopulmonary Support
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) presents variable outcomes for COVID-19 pneumonia.
  • Evidence suggests potential benefits of ECMO in managing severe COVID-19 respiratory failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare institutional ECMO outcomes across different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of venovenous (VV) ECMO versus right ventricular assist device (RVAD/ECMO) in COVID-19 patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 54 patients receiving ECMO for COVID-19 between March 2020 and March 2021.
  • Comparison of early (Era 1) and late (Era 2) pandemic outcomes for RVAD/ECMO patients.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, pre-cannulation treatments, support duration, and morbidities.

Main Results:

  • Overall in-hospital mortality was 42.6%; 45.7% at 120 days post-cannulation.
  • RVAD/ECMO (70.4% of patients) had lower mortality (40.0%) compared to VV ECMO (60.8%).
  • RVAD/ECMO Era 1 showed significantly lower mortality (16.2%) than Era 2 (60.4%); age was protective.

Conclusions:

  • ECMO support is beneficial for COVID-19 but associated with significant morbidity.
  • RVAD/ECMO demonstrated survival advantages over VV-ECMO.
  • Declining RVAD/ECMO efficacy over time suggests evolving pandemic impact or treatment strategies.