Probing Biothiols Using a Red-Emitting Pyridoxal Derivative by Adopting Copper(II) Displacement Approach and Cell...

An aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active Schiff base L was obtained by reacting pyridoxal and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with p-phenylenediamine in two simple steps. The colorimetric, UV/VIS and fluorescence studies of L revealed that the yellow emissive L (λ_em =540 nm, λ_ex =450 nm) in pure DMSO turned to a red-emissive L, when the poor solvent fraction (HEPES buffer, 10 mM, pH 7.4) was increased above 50 % in DMSO. The SEM and DLS results indicated the formation of self-aggregates of L that restricted the intramolecular motion and promoted the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. The cations sensing ability of the AIEgen L was explored in HEPES buffer (5 % DMSO, 10 mM, pH 7.4), where Cu²⁺ selectively quenched the fluorescence at 608 nm due to the chelation-enhanced fluorescence quenching (CHEQ) effect with an estimated sensitivity limit of 0.9 μM. Subsequently, the in situ formed AIEgen L-Cu²⁺ complex was applied for the cascade detection of glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy). The decomplexation of Cu²⁺ from the AIEgen L-Cu²⁺ by GSH, Cys and Hcy restored the quenched fluorescence emission of AIEgen L at 608 nm. With this Cu²⁺ displacement approach, the concentration of Cys, Hcy and GSH can be detected down to 2.8 μM, 3.12 μM and 2.0 μM, respectively. The practical utility of AIEgen L and AIEgen L-Cu²⁺ was examined by monitoring the selective analytes in real environmental and biological samples, and also applied successfully for the cell imaging applications.