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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Noncoding RNAs in oral cancer.

Jaikrishna Balakittnen1,2,3, Chameera Ekanayake Weeramange2, Daniel F Wallace4

  • 1The Centre for Biomedical Technologies, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|August 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Oral cancer (OC) risk factors include lifestyle and genetics. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) show promise as biomarkers for early diagnosis and improved treatment of oral cancer.

Keywords:
diagnosisnoncoding RNAoral cancerprognosistherapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Oral cancer (OC) is a prevalent head and neck cancer.
  • Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, viral infections, and genetic predisposition.
  • Lack of diagnostic biomarkers leads to late-stage diagnosis and poor survival rates (around 50% 5-year survival).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in oral cancer pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in OC.
  • To summarize current literature on microRNAs, lncRNAs, snoRNAs, piwi-RNAs, and circular RNAs in OC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ncRNAs and oral cancer.
  • Focus on four main types of ncRNAs: microRNA, lncRNA, snoRNA, piwi-RNA, and circular RNA.
  • Analysis of ncRNA expression changes and their regulatory mechanisms in OC.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play crucial roles in cellular processes and are dysregulated in OC.
  • Specific ncRNAs demonstrate potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • ncRNAs can regulate gene expression, offering therapeutic avenues.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs represent a promising class of biomarkers for oral cancer.
  • Further research into ncRNAs can lead to innovations in OC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
  • Understanding ncRNA roles is vital for advancing OC management.