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Human monkeypox disease.

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Monkeypox (MPXV) is a growing global health concern, primarily spreading through sexual contact. Vaccination and antiviral treatments like tecovirimat offer promising control strategies for this emerging infectious disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology and Public Health
  • Virology and Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • An unprecedented global surge in human monkeypox (MPXV) cases has been observed in non-endemic countries.
  • MPXV, related to variola virus, poses a significant risk for another human health emergency, especially post-COVID-19.
  • Transmission predominantly occurs via sexual contact, with anogenital lesions being a common clinical manifestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of the recent human monkeypox outbreak.
  • To highlight the potential for MPXV to cause a widespread public health crisis.
  • To discuss current and future control strategies, including vaccination and antiviral therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and epidemiological data on the monkeypox outbreak.
  • Analysis of transmission patterns, focusing on sexual contact and high-risk populations.
  • Evaluation of clinical presentations, complications, and treatment options.

Main Results:

  • The outbreak is characterized by rapid international spread, primarily through sexual networks, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM).
  • While typically self-limiting, MPXV can lead to severe complications requiring hospitalization, including severe pain, systemic involvement (kidney injury, myocarditis), and secondary infections.
  • Tecovimat shows promise as an antiviral treatment for patients with comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Monkeypox represents a significant and evolving public health threat requiring urgent attention and coordinated global response.
  • Vaccination is identified as the cornerstone for both immediate and long-term control of monkeypox.
  • Antiviral therapies, such as tecovirimat, offer a valuable option for managing severe cases and vulnerable populations.