Optimization of reduced graphene oxide production using central composite design from Pennisetum glaucum for biomedical applications

The current study outlines the toxicity-free green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (GO) using Celosia argenta. The synthesized sample was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy with a strong absorption peak at 260 nm due to redshift. The 2θ value around 24.1° by X-ray diffraction analysis and the functional groups like ─OH, ─CH2─, ─C═C─, and ─CHO by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of GO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reported stacked sheets with smooth edges with an atomic ratio of carbon:oxygen (83.56:16.44). The transmission electron microscope images proved the reduction of GO by folded thin sheets with the wrinkled appearance of our sample. This novel material showed antibacterial efficiency of 51.72-70.83% for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. 89.48% of antioxidant effect and potential anti-inflammatory property with the IC50 value of 86.04% was reported. RSM study proved the optimization of maximum yield and two-way analysis of variance reported the statistical significance (p value ≤ 0.05) for its anti-inflammatory effect. Bio-Gel formulated with a good spreadability rate and promising biocompatibility was proved with less hemolysis value of 2.74%. The genotoxicity study exposed the aberration-free active mitotic cell division in onion root tip cells. All these showcased that our biomaterial can find promising applications in biomedical and therapeutic fields.