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Child executive function and future externalizing and internalizing problems: A meta-analysis of prospective

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Stronger executive function in children is linked to fewer behavioral problems later in life. This research highlights executive function as a key target for preventing and treating psychopathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Executive functions are crucial cognitive processes supporting goal-directed behavior.
  • Childhood executive function deficits are associated with various psychopathological outcomes.
  • Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the predictive relationship between executive function and later problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis examining the longitudinal association between childhood executive function and subsequent externalizing and internalizing problems.
  • To identify specific externalizing and internalizing problems predicted by executive function.
  • To explore moderators influencing these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 167 studies with 109,866 participants.
  • Inclusion of longitudinal studies assessing executive function in children and subsequent psychopathology.
  • Calculation of effect sizes for associations between executive function and various behavioral outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Greater childhood executive function prospectively predicted fewer attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, conduct problems, oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, substance use, broad externalizing problems, depression symptoms, and broad internalizing problems.
  • Executive function was not associated with subsequent anxiety symptoms.
  • Moderator analyses indicated that sample type, age of assessment, and executive function context influenced the strength of these associations.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood executive function is a significant prospective predictor of a wide range of externalizing and internalizing problems.
  • These findings underscore the potential of targeting executive function in prevention and intervention programs for child psychopathology.
  • Further research should explore the nuanced relationships moderated by contextual factors.